Relative Energy Deficiency In Sport (RED-S): Risks & Prevention
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a syndrome of impaired physiological function caused by relative energy deficiency (energy intake less than energy expenditure). It affects metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis and cardiovascular health.
Athletes affected by RED-S may experience a variety of health and performance problems, including:
- Decreased endurance performance
- Increased risk of injury
- Impaired judgment
- Decreased training response
- Impaired muscle strength
- Depression
- Irritability
Causes of RED-S
RED-S is caused by an energy imbalance, where the athlete is not consuming enough calories to support their energy expenditure. This can be due to a number of factors, including:
- Intentional restriction of energy intake to lose weight or improve body composition
- Unintentional under-fueling due to a lack of knowledge about nutritional needs
- Increased energy expenditure due to intense training
Identifying RED-S
Identifying RED-S can be challenging, as the symptoms can be subtle and may be attributed to other causes. However, some common signs and symptoms include:
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods (in females)
- Bone stress fractures
- Decreased performance
- Mood changes
Who is at Risk?
Athletes in sports that emphasize leanness or weight classes, such as gymnastics, distance running, and wrestling, are at higher risk of developing RED-S. However, any athlete who is not consuming enough calories to support their energy expenditure is at risk.
Preventing RED-S
Preventing RED-S requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:
- Education: Athletes, coaches, and parents need to be educated about the risks of RED-S and the importance of proper fueling.
- Adequate Energy Intake: Athletes need to consume enough calories to support their energy expenditure, taking into account their training load and individual needs.
- Balanced Diet: A balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, protein, and fat is essential for optimal health and performance.
- Monitoring: Athletes should be monitored for signs and symptoms of RED-S.
Seeking Help
If you think you might have RED-S, it is important to seek professional help from a doctor or registered dietitian. They can assess your individual needs and develop a treatment plan that is right for you.
By understanding the causes, risks, and prevention strategies of RED-S, athletes can take steps to protect their health and optimize their performance. Proper nutrition and energy balance are crucial for every athlete's well-being and success. Ignoring these aspects can lead to serious health consequences and hinder athletic potential.